History of the black cab trade

The history of London’s black cab trade is, in many ways, the history of the city itself—one of resilience, adaptation, and enduring public trust.

The story begins in 1654, when Oliver Cromwell’s government introduced the first formal regulation of London’s hackney carriages. With the city’s streets growing congested, Cromwell limited the number of licensed horse-drawn vehicles to 200. This moment laid the foundation for what would become the world’s most regulated and professional taxi service—one rooted in public accountability and civic duty.

By the 19th century, the trade had evolved with the introduction of the Hansom Cab—a lighter, faster carriage designed to navigate London’s narrow, winding streets. The Hansom quickly became a symbol of Victorian London, immortalised in literature and serving as the preferred transport for businessmen, dignitaries, and theatre-goers alike.

The dawn of the 20th century saw another transformation as London embraced the motor age. In 1903, the first petrol-powered cabs were licensed, introducing the taximeter, a device that ensured fair and transparent pricing—a principle that remains central to the trade today. These vehicles, known colloquially as “black cabs,” became a distinctive feature of London’s streetscape.

Throughout the 20th century, the industry continued to professionalise. The introduction of the Austin FX3 in 1948 and later the Austin FX4 in 1958 cemented the black cab’s iconic design—spacious, reliable, and instantly recognisable. Purpose-built to navigate London’s complex roadways and designed with accessibility in mind, these vehicles were more than transport; they were part of the city’s identity.

At the heart of the trade stands The Knowledge of London, introduced in the mid-19th century and still widely regarded as the most rigorous test of its kind anywhere in the world. To this day, licensed London taxi drivers must memorise over 25,000 streets and thousands of landmarks, mastering the most efficient routes through the capital’s constantly evolving landscape. This commitment to skill and service remains unmatched.

The 21st century brought fresh challenges with the rise of app-based ride-hailing services and changing customer expectations. Yet the trade has responded, embracing new technology, investing in zero-emissions capable vehicles, and continuing to prioritise safety, reliability, and service.

Today, 4 out of 5 black cabs operating in London are running the cleanest fuels, combining the trade’s rich heritage with the demands of a modern, sustainable city. The black cab remains the only service legally permitted to pick up passengers without a booking, offering a level of professionalism, regulation, and trust that is unique to London.

For over 370 years, the black cab trade has adapted and endured. From Cromwell’s regulation to the app-hailing era, it remains a cornerstone of London’s transport network—trusted by Londoners, respected by visitors, and recognised around the world.